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    Subject[PATCH v9 00/24] Speculative page faults
    Date
    This is a port on kernel 4.16 of the work done by Peter Zijlstra to
    handle page fault without holding the mm semaphore [1].

    The idea is to try to handle user space page faults without holding the
    mmap_sem. This should allow better concurrency for massively threaded
    process since the page fault handler will not wait for other threads memory
    layout change to be done, assuming that this change is done in another part
    of the process's memory space. This type page fault is named speculative
    page fault. If the speculative page fault fails because of a concurrency is
    detected or because underlying PMD or PTE tables are not yet allocating, it
    is failing its processing and a classic page fault is then tried.

    The speculative page fault (SPF) has to look for the VMA matching the fault
    address without holding the mmap_sem, this is done by introducing a rwlock
    which protects the access to the mm_rb tree. Previously this was done using
    SRCU but it was introducing a lot of scheduling to process the VMA's
    freeing
    operation which was hitting the performance by 20% as reported by Kemi Wang
    [2].Using a rwlock to protect access to the mm_rb tree is limiting the
    locking contention to these operations which are expected to be in a O(log
    n)
    order. In addition to ensure that the VMA is not freed in our back a
    reference count is added and 2 services (get_vma() and put_vma()) are
    introduced to handle the reference count. When a VMA is fetch from the RB
    tree using get_vma() is must be later freeed using put_vma(). Furthermore,
    to allow the VMA to be used again by the classic page fault handler a
    service is introduced can_reuse_spf_vma(). This service is expected to be
    called with the mmap_sem hold. It checked that the VMA is still matching
    the specified address and is releasing its reference count as the mmap_sem
    is hold it is ensure that it will not be freed in our back. In general, the
    VMA's reference count could be decremented when holding the mmap_sem but it
    should not be increased as holding the mmap_sem is ensuring that the VMA is
    stable. I can't see anymore the overhead I got while will-it-scale
    benchmark anymore.

    The VMA's attributes checked during the speculative page fault processing
    have to be protected against parallel changes. This is done by using a per
    VMA sequence lock. This sequence lock allows the speculative page fault
    handler to fast check for parallel changes in progress and to abort the
    speculative page fault in that case.

    Once the VMA is found, the speculative page fault handler would check for
    the VMA's attributes to verify that the page fault has to be handled
    correctly or not. Thus the VMA is protected through a sequence lock which
    allows fast detection of concurrent VMA changes. If such a change is
    detected, the speculative page fault is aborted and a *classic* page fault
    is tried. VMA sequence lockings are added when VMA attributes which are
    checked during the page fault are modified.

    When the PTE is fetched, the VMA is checked to see if it has been changed,
    so once the page table is locked, the VMA is valid, so any other changes
    leading to touching this PTE will need to lock the page table, so no
    parallel change is possible at this time.

    The locking of the PTE is done with interrupts disabled, this allows to
    check for the PMD to ensure that there is not an ongoing collapsing
    operation. Since khugepaged is firstly set the PMD to pmd_none and then is
    waiting for the other CPU to have catch the IPI interrupt, if the pmd is
    valid at the time the PTE is locked, we have the guarantee that the
    collapsing opertion will have to wait on the PTE lock to move foward. This
    allows the SPF handler to map the PTE safely. If the PMD value is different
    than the one recorded at the beginning of the SPF operation, the classic
    page fault handler will be called to handle the operation while holding the
    mmap_sem. As the PTE lock is done with the interrupts disabled, the lock is
    done using spin_trylock() to avoid dead lock when handling a page fault
    while a TLB invalidate is requested by an other CPU holding the PTE.

    Support for THP is not done because when checking for the PMD, we can be
    confused by an in progress collapsing operation done by khugepaged. The
    issue is that pmd_none() could be true either if the PMD is not already
    populated or if the underlying PTE are in the way to be collapsed. So we
    cannot safely allocate a PMD if pmd_none() is true.

    This series a new software performance event named 'speculative-faults' or
    'spf'. It counts the number of successful page fault event handled in a
    speculative way. When recording 'faults,spf' events, the faults one is
    counting the total number of page fault events while 'spf' is only counting
    the part of the faults processed in a speculative way.

    There are some trace events introduced by this series. They allow to
    identify why the page faults where not processed in a speculative way. This
    doesn't take in account the faults generated by a monothreaded process
    which directly processed while holding the mmap_sem. This trace events are
    grouped in a system named 'pagefault', they are:
    - pagefault:spf_pte_lock : if the pte was already locked by another thread
    - pagefault:spf_vma_changed : if the VMA has been changed in our back
    - pagefault:spf_vma_noanon : the vma->anon_vma field was not yet set.
    - pagefault:spf_vma_notsup : the VMA's type is not supported
    - pagefault:spf_vma_access : the VMA's access right are not respected
    - pagefault:spf_pmd_changed : the upper PMD pointer has changed in our
    back.

    To record all the related events, the easier is to run perf with the
    following arguments :
    $ perf stat -e 'faults,spf,pagefault:*' <command>

    This series builds on top of v4.16-rc2-mmotm-2018-02-21-14-48 and is
    functional on x86 and PowerPC.

    ---------------------
    Real Workload results

    As mentioned in previous email, we did non official runs using a "popular
    in memory multithreaded database product" on 176 cores SMT8 Power system
    which showed a 30% improvements in the number of transaction processed per
    second. This run has been done on the v6 series, but changes introduced in
    this new verion should not impact the performance boost seen.

    Here are the perf data captured during 2 of these runs on top of the v8
    series:
    vanilla spf
    faults 89.418 101.364
    spf n/a 97.989

    With the SPF kernel, most of the page fault were processed in a speculative
    way.

    ------------------
    Benchmarks results

    Base kernel is v4.16-rc4-mmotm-2018-03-09-16-34
    SPF is BASE + this series

    Kernbench:
    ----------
    Here are the results on a 16 CPUs X86 guest using kernbench on a 4.13-rc4
    kernel (kernel is build 5 times):

    Average Half load -j 8
    Run (std deviation)
    BASE SPF
    Elapsed Time 151.36 (1.40139) 151.748 (1.09716) 0.26%
    User Time 1023.19 (3.58972) 1027.35 (2.30396) 0.41%
    System Time 125.026 (1.8547) 124.504 (0.980015) -0.42%
    Percent CPU 758.2 (5.54076) 758.6 (3.97492) 0.05%
    Context Switches 54924 (453.634) 54851 (382.293) -0.13%
    Sleeps 105589 (704.581) 105282 (435.502) -0.29%

    Average Optimal load -j 16
    Run (std deviation)
    BASE SPF
    Elapsed Time 74.804 (1.25139) 74.368 (0.406288) -0.58%
    User Time 962.033 (64.5125) 963.93 (66.8797) 0.20%
    System Time 110.771 (15.0817) 110.387 (14.8989) -0.35%
    Percent CPU 1045.7 (303.387) 1049.1 (306.255) 0.33%
    Context Switches 76201.8 (22433.1) 76170.4 (22482.9) -0.04%
    Sleeps 110289 (5024.05) 110220 (5248.58) -0.06%

    During a run on the SPF, perf events were captured:
    Performance counter stats for '../kernbench -M':
    510334017 faults
    200 spf
    0 pagefault:spf_pte_lock
    0 pagefault:spf_vma_changed
    0 pagefault:spf_vma_noanon
    2174 pagefault:spf_vma_notsup
    0 pagefault:spf_vma_access
    0 pagefault:spf_pmd_changed

    Very few speculative page fault were recorded as most of the processes
    involved are monothreaded (sounds that on this architecture some threads
    were created during the kernel build processing).

    Here are the kerbench results on a 80 CPUs Power8 system:

    Average Half load -j 40
    Run (std deviation)
    BASE SPF
    Elapsed Time 116.958 (0.73401) 117.43 (0.927497) 0.40%
    User Time 4472.35 (7.85792) 4480.16 (19.4909) 0.17%
    System Time 136.248 (0.587639) 136.922 (1.09058) 0.49%
    Percent CPU 3939.8 (20.6567) 3931.2 (17.2829) -0.22%
    Context Switches 92445.8 (236.672) 92720.8 (270.118) 0.30%
    Sleeps 318475 (1412.6) 317996 (1819.07) -0.15%

    Average Optimal load -j 80
    Run (std deviation)
    BASE SPF
    Elapsed Time 106.976 (0.406731) 107.72 (0.329014) 0.70%
    User Time 5863.47 (1466.45) 5865.38 (1460.27) 0.03%
    System Time 159.995 (25.0393) 160.329 (24.6921) 0.21%
    Percent CPU 5446.2 (1588.23) 5416 (1565.34) -0.55%
    Context Switches 223018 (137637) 224867 (139305) 0.83%
    Sleeps 330846 (13127.3) 332348 (15556.9) 0.45%

    During a run on the SPF, perf events were captured:
    Performance counter stats for '../kernbench -M':
    116612488 faults
    0 spf
    0 pagefault:spf_pte_lock
    0 pagefault:spf_vma_changed
    0 pagefault:spf_vma_noanon
    473 pagefault:spf_vma_notsup
    0 pagefault:spf_vma_access
    0 pagefault:spf_pmd_changed

    Most of the processes involved are monothreaded so SPF is not activated but
    there is no impact on the performance.

    Ebizzy:
    -------
    The test is counting the number of records per second it can manage, the
    higher is the best. I run it like this 'ebizzy -mTRp'. To get consistent
    result I repeated the test 100 times and measure the average result. The
    number is the record processes per second, the higher is the best.

    BASE SPF delta
    16 CPUs x86 VM 14902.6 95905.16 543.55%
    80 CPUs P8 node 37240.24 78185.67 109.95%

    Here are the performance counter read during a run on a 16 CPUs x86 VM:
    Performance counter stats for './ebizzy -mRTp':
    888157 faults
    884773 spf
    92 pagefault:spf_pte_lock
    2379 pagefault:spf_vma_changed
    0 pagefault:spf_vma_noanon
    80 pagefault:spf_vma_notsup
    0 pagefault:spf_vma_access
    0 pagefault:spf_pmd_changed

    And the ones captured during a run on a 80 CPUs Power node:
    Performance counter stats for './ebizzy -mRTp':
    762134 faults
    728663 spf
    19101 pagefault:spf_pte_lock
    13969 pagefault:spf_vma_changed
    0 pagefault:spf_vma_noanon
    272 pagefault:spf_vma_notsup
    0 pagefault:spf_vma_access
    0 pagefault:spf_pmd_changed

    In ebizzy's case most of the page fault were handled in a speculative way,
    leading the ebizzy performance boost.

    ------------------
    Changes since v8:
    - Don't check PMD when locking the pte when THP is disabled
    Thanks to Daniel Jordan for reporting this.
    - Rebase on 4.16
    Changes since v7:
    - move pte_map_lock() and pte_spinlock() upper in mm/memory.c (patch 4 &
    5)
    - make pte_unmap_same() compatible with the speculative page fault (patch
    6)
    Changes since v6:
    - Rename config variable to CONFIG_SPECULATIVE_PAGE_FAULT (patch 1)
    - Review the way the config variable is set (patch 1 to 3)
    - Introduce mm_rb_write_*lock() in mm/mmap.c (patch 18)
    - Merge patch introducing pte try locking in the patch 18.
    Changes since v5:
    - use rwlock agains the mm RB tree in place of SRCU
    - add a VMA's reference count to protect VMA while using it without
    holding the mmap_sem.
    - check PMD value to detect collapsing operation
    - don't try speculative page fault for mono threaded processes
    - try to reuse the fetched VMA if VM_RETRY is returned
    - go directly to the error path if an error is detected during the SPF
    path
    - fix race window when moving VMA in move_vma()
    Changes since v4:
    - As requested by Andrew Morton, use CONFIG_SPF and define it earlier in
    the series to ease bisection.
    Changes since v3:
    - Don't build when CONFIG_SMP is not set
    - Fixed a lock dependency warning in __vma_adjust()
    - Use READ_ONCE to access p*d values in handle_speculative_fault()
    - Call memcp_oom() service in handle_speculative_fault()
    Changes since v2:
    - Perf event is renamed in PERF_COUNT_SW_SPF
    - On Power handle do_page_fault()'s cleaning
    - On Power if the VM_FAULT_ERROR is returned by
    handle_speculative_fault(), do not retry but jump to the error path
    - If VMA's flags are not matching the fault, directly returns
    VM_FAULT_SIGSEGV and not VM_FAULT_RETRY
    - Check for pud_trans_huge() to avoid speculative path
    - Handles _vm_normal_page()'s introduced by 6f16211df3bf
    ("mm/device-public-memory: device memory cache coherent with CPU")
    - add and review few comments in the code
    Changes since v1:
    - Remove PERF_COUNT_SW_SPF_FAILED perf event.
    - Add tracing events to details speculative page fault failures.
    - Cache VMA fields values which are used once the PTE is unlocked at the
    end of the page fault events.
    - Ensure that fields read during the speculative path are written and read
    using WRITE_ONCE and READ_ONCE.
    - Add checks at the beginning of the speculative path to abort it if the
    VMA is known to not be supported.
    Changes since RFC V5 [5]
    - Port to 4.13 kernel
    - Merging patch fixing lock dependency into the original patch
    - Replace the 2 parameters of vma_has_changed() with the vmf pointer
    - In patch 7, don't call __do_fault() in the speculative path as it may
    want to unlock the mmap_sem.
    - In patch 11-12, don't check for vma boundaries when
    page_add_new_anon_rmap() is called during the spf path and protect against
    anon_vma pointer's update.
    - In patch 13-16, add performance events to report number of successful
    and failed speculative events.

    [1]
    http://linux-kernel.2935.n7.nabble.com/RFC-PATCH-0-6-Another-go-at-speculative-page-faults-tt965642.html#none
    [2] https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/9999687/


    Laurent Dufour (20):
    mm: Introduce CONFIG_SPECULATIVE_PAGE_FAULT
    x86/mm: Define CONFIG_SPECULATIVE_PAGE_FAULT
    powerpc/mm: Define CONFIG_SPECULATIVE_PAGE_FAULT
    mm: Introduce pte_spinlock for FAULT_FLAG_SPECULATIVE
    mm: make pte_unmap_same compatible with SPF
    mm: Protect VMA modifications using VMA sequence count
    mm: protect mremap() against SPF hanlder
    mm: Protect SPF handler against anon_vma changes
    mm: Cache some VMA fields in the vm_fault structure
    mm/migrate: Pass vm_fault pointer to migrate_misplaced_page()
    mm: Introduce __lru_cache_add_active_or_unevictable
    mm: Introduce __maybe_mkwrite()
    mm: Introduce __vm_normal_page()
    mm: Introduce __page_add_new_anon_rmap()
    mm: Protect mm_rb tree with a rwlock
    mm: Adding speculative page fault failure trace events
    perf: Add a speculative page fault sw event
    perf tools: Add support for the SPF perf event
    mm: Speculative page fault handler return VMA
    powerpc/mm: Add speculative page fault

    Peter Zijlstra (4):
    mm: Prepare for FAULT_FLAG_SPECULATIVE
    mm: VMA sequence count
    mm: Provide speculative fault infrastructure
    x86/mm: Add speculative pagefault handling

    arch/powerpc/Kconfig | 1 +
    arch/powerpc/mm/fault.c | 31 +-
    arch/x86/Kconfig | 1 +
    arch/x86/mm/fault.c | 38 ++-
    fs/proc/task_mmu.c | 5 +-
    fs/userfaultfd.c | 17 +-
    include/linux/hugetlb_inline.h | 2 +-
    include/linux/migrate.h | 4 +-
    include/linux/mm.h | 92 +++++-
    include/linux/mm_types.h | 7 +
    include/linux/pagemap.h | 4 +-
    include/linux/rmap.h | 12 +-
    include/linux/swap.h | 10 +-
    include/trace/events/pagefault.h | 87 +++++
    include/uapi/linux/perf_event.h | 1 +
    kernel/fork.c | 3 +
    mm/Kconfig | 3 +
    mm/hugetlb.c | 2 +
    mm/init-mm.c | 3 +
    mm/internal.h | 20 ++
    mm/khugepaged.c | 5 +
    mm/madvise.c | 6 +-
    mm/memory.c | 594 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
    mm/mempolicy.c | 51 ++-
    mm/migrate.c | 4 +-
    mm/mlock.c | 13 +-
    mm/mmap.c | 211 +++++++++---
    mm/mprotect.c | 4 +-
    mm/mremap.c | 13 +
    mm/rmap.c | 5 +-
    mm/swap.c | 6 +-
    mm/swap_state.c | 8 +-
    tools/include/uapi/linux/perf_event.h | 1 +
    tools/perf/util/evsel.c | 1 +
    tools/perf/util/parse-events.c | 4 +
    tools/perf/util/parse-events.l | 1 +
    tools/perf/util/python.c | 1 +
    37 files changed, 1097 insertions(+), 174 deletions(-)
    create mode 100644 include/trace/events/pagefault.h

    --
    2.7.4

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