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SubjectRe: [PATCH v5 1/4] qrwlock: A queue read/write lock implementation
On 11/08/2013 04:11 PM, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> On Mon, Nov 04, 2013 at 12:17:17PM -0500, Waiman Long wrote:
>> Kernel JPM %Change from (1)
>> ------ --- ----------------
>> 1 148265 -
>> 2 238715 +61%
>> 3 242048 +63%
>> 4 234881 +58%
>>
>> The use of unfair qrwlock provides a small boost of 2%, while using
>> fair qrwlock leads to 3% decrease of performance. However, looking
>> at the perf profiles, we can clearly see that other bottlenecks were
>> constraining the performance improvement.
>>
>> Perf profile of kernel (2):
>>
>> 18.20% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] __write_lock_failed
>> 9.36% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] _raw_spin_lock_irqsave
>> 2.91% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] mspin_lock
>> 2.73% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] anon_vma_interval_tree_insert
>> 2.23% ls [kernel.kallsyms] [k] _raw_spin_lock_irqsave
>> 1.29% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] __read_lock_failed
>> 1.21% true [kernel.kallsyms] [k] _raw_spin_lock_irqsave
>> 1.14% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] zap_pte_range
>> 1.13% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] _raw_spin_lock
>> 1.04% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] mutex_spin_on_owner
>>
>> Perf profile of kernel (3):
>>
>> 10.57% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] _raw_spin_lock_irqsave
>> 7.98% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] queue_write_lock_slowpath
>> 5.83% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] mspin_lock
>> 2.86% ls [kernel.kallsyms] [k] _raw_spin_lock_irqsave
>> 2.71% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] anon_vma_interval_tree_insert
>> 1.52% true [kernel.kallsyms] [k] _raw_spin_lock_irqsave
>> 1.51% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] queue_read_lock_slowpath
>> 1.35% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] mutex_spin_on_owner
>> 1.12% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] zap_pte_range
>> 1.06% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] perf_event_aux_ctx
>> 1.01% reaim [kernel.kallsyms] [k] perf_event_aux
> But wouldn't kernel (4) be the one that was the most highly constrained?
>
> (That said, yes, I get that _raw_spin_lock_irqsave() is some lock that
> is unrelated to the qrwlock.)

I think the performance data is a bit off as it was collected with a
previous version that has a minor bug in it. I will rerun the test to
get the new data.

>
> +/**
> + * queue_write_can_lock- would write_trylock() succeed?
> + * @lock: Pointer to queue rwlock structure
> + */
> +static inline int queue_write_can_lock(struct qrwlock *lock)
> +{
> + union qrwcnts rwcnts;
> +
> + rwcnts.rw = ACCESS_ONCE(lock->cnts.rw);
> + return !rwcnts.writer&& !rwcnts.readers;
> +}
> +
> +/**
> + * queue_read_trylock - try to acquire read lock of a queue rwlock
> + * @lock : Pointer to queue rwlock structure
> + * Return: 1 if lock acquired, 0 if failed
> + */
> +static inline int queue_read_trylock(struct qrwlock *lock)
> +{
> + union qrwcnts cnts;
> + u8 wmask;
> +
> + cnts.rw = ACCESS_ONCE(lock->cnts.rw);
> + wmask = cnts.fair ? QW_MASK_FAIR : QW_MASK_UNFAIR;
> + if (likely(!(cnts.writer& wmask))) {
> + cnts.rw = xadd(&lock->cnts.rw, QRW_READER_BIAS);
> On an unfair lock, this can momentarily make queue_read_can_lock() give
> a false positive. Not sure that this is a problem -- after all, the
> return value from queue_read_can_lock() is immediately obsolete anyway.

Yes, this is an issue. However, I don't this is a big deal as you said.
Using cmpxchg may avoid this issue, but then their will be a fair chance
of false collision among readers. So it is probably something we may
have to live with.

>> +/**
>> + * queue_write_unlock - release write lock of a queue rwlock
>> + * @lock : Pointer to queue rwlock structure
>> + */
>> +static inline void queue_write_unlock(struct qrwlock *lock)
>> +{
>> + /*
>> + * Make sure that none of the critical section will be leaked out.
>> + */
>> + smp_mb__before_clear_bit();
>> + ACCESS_ONCE(lock->cnts.writer) = 0;
>> + smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
> How about the new smp_store_release() for this write? Looks to me that
> smp_mb__before_clear_bit() and smp_mb__after_clear_bit() work by accident,
> if they in fact do work for all architectures.

Yes, I am thinking about updating the patch to use smp_store_release()
once it is in. I don't want to create such a dependency for this patch
yet. Anyway, clearing a bit looks the same as clearing a byte to me.

>> +/*
>> + * Compared with regular rwlock, the queue rwlock has has the following
>> + * advantages:
>> + * 1. It is more deterministic for the fair variant. Even though there is
>> + * a slight chance of stealing the lock if come at the right moment, the
>> + * granting of the lock is mostly in FIFO order. Even the default unfair
>> + * variant is fairer at least among the writers.
>> + * 2. It is faster in high contention situation.
> Sometimes, anyway! (Referring to your performance results on top of
> Ingo's patch.)

Will adjust the wording by adding "usually".

>
> +/**
> + * wait_in_queue - Add to queue and wait until it is at the head
> + * @lock: Pointer to queue rwlock structure
> + * @node: Node pointer to be added to the queue
> + *
> + * The use of smp_wmb() is to make sure that the other CPUs see the change
> + * ASAP.
> + */
> +static __always_inline void
> +wait_in_queue(struct qrwlock *lock, struct qrwnode *node)
> +{
> + struct qrwnode *prev;
> +
> + node->next = NULL;
> + node->wait = true;
> + prev = xchg(&lock->waitq, node);
> + if (prev) {
> + prev->next = node;
> + smp_wmb();
> This smp_wmb() desperately needs a comment. Presumably it is ordering
> the above "prev->next = node" with some later write, but what write?
>
> Oh... I see the header comment above.
>
> Actually, memory barriers don't necessarily make things visible sooner.
> They are instead used for ordering. Or did you actually measure a
> performance increase with this? (Seems -highly- unlikely given smp_wmb()'s
> definition on x86...)

I have some incorrect assumptions about memory barrier. Anyway, this
issue will be gone once I use the MCS lock/unlock code.

>> + /*
>> + * Wait until the waiting flag is off
>> + */
>> + while (ACCESS_ONCE(node->wait))
>> + cpu_relax();
>> + }
>> +}
>> +
>> +/**
>> + * signal_next - Signal the next one in queue to be at the head
>> + * @lock: Pointer to queue rwlock structure
>> + * @node: Node pointer to the current head of queue
>> + */
>> +static __always_inline void
>> +signal_next(struct qrwlock *lock, struct qrwnode *node)
>> +{
>> + struct qrwnode *next;
>> +
>> + /*
>> + * Try to notify the next node first without disturbing the cacheline
>> + * of the lock. If that fails, check to see if it is the last node
>> + * and so should clear the wait queue.
>> + */
>> + next = ACCESS_ONCE(node->next);
>> + if (likely(next))
>> + goto notify_next;
>> +
>> + /*
>> + * Clear the wait queue if it is the last node
>> + */
>> + if ((ACCESS_ONCE(lock->waitq) == node)&&
>> + (cmpxchg(&lock->waitq, node, NULL) == node))
>> + return;
>> + /*
>> + * Wait until the next one in queue set up the next field
>> + */
>> + while (likely(!(next = ACCESS_ONCE(node->next))))
>> + cpu_relax();
>> + /*
>> + * The next one in queue is now at the head
>> + */
>> +notify_next:
>> + barrier();
>> + ACCESS_ONCE(next->wait) = false;
>> + smp_wmb();
> Because smp_wmb() does not order reads, reads from the critical section
> could leak out of the critical section. A full memory barrier (smp_mb())
> seems necessary to avoid this.
>
> Yes, you do have full memory barriers implicit in various atomic operations,
> but it appears to be possible to avoid them all in some situations.

Yes, you are right.

>> +/**
>> + * queue_write_3step_lock - acquire write lock in 3 steps
>> + * @lock : Pointer to queue rwlock structure
>> + * Return: 1 if lock acquired, 0 otherwise
>> + *
>> + * Step 1 - Try to acquire the lock directly if no reader is present
>> + * Step 2 - Set the waiting flag to notify readers that a writer is waiting
>> + * Step 3 - When the readers field goes to 0, set the locked flag
>> + *
>> + * When not in fair mode, the readers actually ignore the second step.
>> + * However, this is still necessary to force other writers to fall in line.
>> + */
>> +static __always_inline int queue_write_3step_lock(struct qrwlock *lock)
>> +{
>> + union qrwcnts old, new;
>> +
>> + old.rw = ACCESS_ONCE(lock->cnts.rw);
>> +
>> + /* Step 1 */
>> + if (!old.writer& !old.readers) {
>> + new.rw = old.rw;
>> + new.writer = QW_LOCKED;
>> + if (likely(cmpxchg(&lock->cnts.rw, old.rw, new.rw) == old.rw))
>> + return 1;
>> + }
>> +
>> + /* Step 2 */
>> + if (old.writer || (cmpxchg(&lock->cnts.writer, 0, QW_WAITING) != 0))
>> + return 0;
>> +
>> + /* Step 3 */
>> + while (true) {
>> + cpu_relax();
>> + old.rw = ACCESS_ONCE(lock->cnts.rw);
> Suppose that there now is a writer, but no readers...
>
>> + if (!old.readers) {
>> + new.rw = old.rw;
>> + new.writer = QW_LOCKED;
>> + if (likely(cmpxchg(&lock->cnts.rw, old.rw, new.rw)
>> + == old.rw))
> ... can't this mistakenly hand out the lock to a second writer?
>
> Ah, the trick is that we are at the head of the queue, so the only writer
> we can possibly contend with is a prior holder of the lock. Once that
> writer leaves, no other writer but can appear. And the QW_WAITING bit
> prevents new writers from immediately grabbing the lock.

Yes, that is the point. The current has 2 queue for writers - a one
position queue in the waiting bit and the MCS locking queue that are
used by both readers and writers.

>> + return 1;
>> + }
>> + }
>> + /* Should never reach here */
>> + return 0;
>> +}
>> +
>> +/**
>> + * queue_write_lock_slowpath - acquire write lock of a queue rwlock
>> + * @lock : Pointer to queue rwlock structure
>> + */
>> +void queue_write_lock_slowpath(struct qrwlock *lock)
>> +{
>> + struct qrwnode node;
>> +
>> + /*
>> + * Put the writer into the wait queue
>> + */
>> + wait_in_queue(lock,&node);
>> +
>> + /*
>> + * At the head of the wait queue now, call queue_write_3step_lock()
>> + * to acquire the lock until it is done.
>> + */
>> + while (!queue_write_3step_lock(lock))
>> + cpu_relax();
> If we get here, queue_write_3step_lock() just executed a successful
> cmpxchg(), which implies a full memory barrier. This prevents the
> critical section from leaking out, good!
>
>> + signal_next(lock,&node);
>> +}
>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(queue_write_lock_slowpath);
>> --
>> 1.7.1
>>
> --
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Thank for the review.

-Longman


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