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    Subject[PATCH 13/14] sched: speed up -dl pushes with a push-heap.
    Date
    Data from tests confirmed that the original active load balancing
    logic didn't scale neither in the number of CPU nor in the number of
    tasks (as sched_rt does).

    Here we provide a global data structure to keep track of deadlines
    of the running tasks in the system. The structure is composed by
    a bitmask showing the free CPUs and a max-heap, needed when the system
    is heavily loaded.

    The implementation and concurrent access scheme are kept simple by
    design. However, our measurements show that we can compete with sched_rt
    on large multi-CPUs machines [1].

    Only the push path is addressed, the extension to use this structure
    also for pull decisions is straightforward. However, we are currently
    evaluating different (in order to decrease/avoid contention) data
    structures to solve possibly both problems. We are also going to re-run
    tests considering recent changes inside cpupri [2].

    [1] http://retis.sssup.it/~jlelli/papers/Ospert11Lelli.pdf
    [2] http://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-rt-users/msg06778.html

    Signed-off-by: Juri Lelli <juri.lelli@gmail.com>
    ---
    kernel/sched/Makefile | 2 +-
    kernel/sched/core.c | 3 +
    kernel/sched/cpudeadline.c | 216 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    kernel/sched/cpudeadline.h | 33 +++++++
    kernel/sched/deadline.c | 53 +++--------
    kernel/sched/sched.h | 2 +
    6 files changed, 269 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)
    create mode 100644 kernel/sched/cpudeadline.c
    create mode 100644 kernel/sched/cpudeadline.h

    diff --git a/kernel/sched/Makefile b/kernel/sched/Makefile
    index d77282f..ba43447 100644
    --- a/kernel/sched/Makefile
    +++ b/kernel/sched/Makefile
    @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ CFLAGS_core.o := $(PROFILING) -fno-omit-frame-pointer
    endif

    obj-y += core.o proc.o clock.o cputime.o idle_task.o fair.o rt.o deadline.o stop_task.o
    -obj-$(CONFIG_SMP) += cpupri.o
    +obj-$(CONFIG_SMP) += cpupri.o cpudeadline.o
    obj-$(CONFIG_SCHED_AUTOGROUP) += auto_group.o
    obj-$(CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS) += stats.o
    obj-$(CONFIG_SCHED_DEBUG) += debug.o
    diff --git a/kernel/sched/core.c b/kernel/sched/core.c
    index 08500e0..6531760 100644
    --- a/kernel/sched/core.c
    +++ b/kernel/sched/core.c
    @@ -5398,6 +5398,7 @@ static void free_rootdomain(struct rcu_head *rcu)
    struct root_domain *rd = container_of(rcu, struct root_domain, rcu);

    cpupri_cleanup(&rd->cpupri);
    + cpudl_cleanup(&rd->cpudl);
    free_cpumask_var(rd->dlo_mask);
    free_cpumask_var(rd->rto_mask);
    free_cpumask_var(rd->online);
    @@ -5456,6 +5457,8 @@ static int init_rootdomain(struct root_domain *rd)
    goto free_dlo_mask;

    init_dl_bw(&rd->dl_bw);
    + if (cpudl_init(&rd->cpudl) != 0)
    + goto free_dlo_mask;

    if (cpupri_init(&rd->cpupri) != 0)
    goto free_rto_mask;
    diff --git a/kernel/sched/cpudeadline.c b/kernel/sched/cpudeadline.c
    new file mode 100644
    index 0000000..13a31a9
    --- /dev/null
    +++ b/kernel/sched/cpudeadline.c
    @@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
    +/*
    + * kernel/sched/cpudl.c
    + *
    + * Global CPU deadline management
    + *
    + * Author: Juri Lelli <j.lelli@sssup.it>
    + *
    + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
    + * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
    + * as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2
    + * of the License.
    + */
    +
    +#include <linux/gfp.h>
    +#include <linux/kernel.h>
    +#include "cpudeadline.h"
    +
    +static inline int parent(int i)
    +{
    + return (i - 1) >> 1;
    +}
    +
    +static inline int left_child(int i)
    +{
    + return (i << 1) + 1;
    +}
    +
    +static inline int right_child(int i)
    +{
    + return (i << 1) + 2;
    +}
    +
    +static inline int dl_time_before(u64 a, u64 b)
    +{
    + return (s64)(a - b) < 0;
    +}
    +
    +void cpudl_exchange(struct cpudl *cp, int a, int b)
    +{
    + int cpu_a = cp->elements[a].cpu, cpu_b = cp->elements[b].cpu;
    +
    + swap(cp->elements[a], cp->elements[b]);
    + swap(cp->cpu_to_idx[cpu_a], cp->cpu_to_idx[cpu_b]);
    +}
    +
    +void cpudl_heapify(struct cpudl *cp, int idx)
    +{
    + int l, r, largest;
    +
    + /* adapted from lib/prio_heap.c */
    + while(1) {
    + l = left_child(idx);
    + r = right_child(idx);
    + largest = idx;
    +
    + if ((l < cp->size) && dl_time_before(cp->elements[idx].dl,
    + cp->elements[l].dl))
    + largest = l;
    + if ((r < cp->size) && dl_time_before(cp->elements[largest].dl,
    + cp->elements[r].dl))
    + largest = r;
    + if (largest == idx)
    + break;
    +
    + /* Push idx down the heap one level and bump one up */
    + cpudl_exchange(cp, largest, idx);
    + idx = largest;
    + }
    +}
    +
    +void cpudl_change_key(struct cpudl *cp, int idx, u64 new_dl)
    +{
    + WARN_ON(idx > num_present_cpus() || idx == IDX_INVALID);
    +
    + if (dl_time_before(new_dl, cp->elements[idx].dl)) {
    + cp->elements[idx].dl = new_dl;
    + cpudl_heapify(cp, idx);
    + } else {
    + cp->elements[idx].dl = new_dl;
    + while (idx > 0 && dl_time_before(cp->elements[parent(idx)].dl,
    + cp->elements[idx].dl)) {
    + cpudl_exchange(cp, idx, parent(idx));
    + idx = parent(idx);
    + }
    + }
    +}
    +
    +static inline int cpudl_maximum(struct cpudl *cp)
    +{
    + return cp->elements[0].cpu;
    +}
    +
    +/*
    + * cpudl_find - find the best (later-dl) CPU in the system
    + * @cp: the cpudl max-heap context
    + * @p: the task
    + * @later_mask: a mask to fill in with the selected CPUs (or NULL)
    + *
    + * Returns: int - best CPU (heap maximum if suitable)
    + */
    +int cpudl_find(struct cpudl *cp, struct task_struct *p,
    + struct cpumask *later_mask)
    +{
    + int best_cpu = -1;
    + const struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se = &p->dl;
    +
    + if (later_mask && cpumask_and(later_mask, cp->free_cpus,
    + &p->cpus_allowed) && cpumask_and(later_mask,
    + later_mask, cpu_active_mask)) {
    + best_cpu = cpumask_any(later_mask);
    + goto out;
    + } else if (cpumask_test_cpu(cpudl_maximum(cp), &p->cpus_allowed) &&
    + dl_time_before(dl_se->deadline, cp->elements[0].dl)) {
    + best_cpu = cpudl_maximum(cp);
    + if (later_mask)
    + cpumask_set_cpu(best_cpu, later_mask);
    + }
    +
    +out:
    + WARN_ON(best_cpu > num_present_cpus() && best_cpu != -1);
    +
    + return best_cpu;
    +}
    +
    +/*
    + * cpudl_set - update the cpudl max-heap
    + * @cp: the cpudl max-heap context
    + * @cpu: the target cpu
    + * @dl: the new earliest deadline for this cpu
    + *
    + * Notes: assumes cpu_rq(cpu)->lock is locked
    + *
    + * Returns: (void)
    + */
    +void cpudl_set(struct cpudl *cp, int cpu, u64 dl, int is_valid)
    +{
    + int old_idx, new_cpu;
    + unsigned long flags;
    +
    + WARN_ON(cpu > num_present_cpus());
    +
    + raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&cp->lock, flags);
    + old_idx = cp->cpu_to_idx[cpu];
    + if (!is_valid) {
    + /* remove item */
    + if (old_idx == IDX_INVALID) {
    + /*
    + * Nothing to remove if old_idx was invalid.
    + * This could happen if a rq_offline_dl is
    + * called for a CPU without -dl tasks running.
    + */
    + goto out;
    + }
    + new_cpu = cp->elements[cp->size - 1].cpu;
    + cp->elements[old_idx].dl = cp->elements[cp->size - 1].dl;
    + cp->elements[old_idx].cpu = new_cpu;
    + cp->size--;
    + cp->cpu_to_idx[new_cpu] = old_idx;
    + cp->cpu_to_idx[cpu] = IDX_INVALID;
    + while (old_idx > 0 && dl_time_before(
    + cp->elements[parent(old_idx)].dl,
    + cp->elements[old_idx].dl)) {
    + cpudl_exchange(cp, old_idx, parent(old_idx));
    + old_idx = parent(old_idx);
    + }
    + cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, cp->free_cpus);
    + cpudl_heapify(cp, old_idx);
    +
    + goto out;
    + }
    +
    + if (old_idx == IDX_INVALID) {
    + cp->size++;
    + cp->elements[cp->size - 1].dl = 0;
    + cp->elements[cp->size - 1].cpu = cpu;
    + cp->cpu_to_idx[cpu] = cp->size - 1;
    + cpudl_change_key(cp, cp->size - 1, dl);
    + cpumask_clear_cpu(cpu, cp->free_cpus);
    + } else {
    + cpudl_change_key(cp, old_idx, dl);
    + }
    +
    +out:
    + raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cp->lock, flags);
    +}
    +
    +/*
    + * cpudl_init - initialize the cpudl structure
    + * @cp: the cpudl max-heap context
    + */
    +int cpudl_init(struct cpudl *cp)
    +{
    + int i;
    +
    + memset(cp, 0, sizeof(*cp));
    + raw_spin_lock_init(&cp->lock);
    + cp->size = 0;
    + for (i = 0; i < NR_CPUS; i++)
    + cp->cpu_to_idx[i] = IDX_INVALID;
    + if (!alloc_cpumask_var(&cp->free_cpus, GFP_KERNEL))
    + return -ENOMEM;
    + cpumask_setall(cp->free_cpus);
    +
    + return 0;
    +}
    +
    +/*
    + * cpudl_cleanup - clean up the cpudl structure
    + * @cp: the cpudl max-heap context
    + */
    +void cpudl_cleanup(struct cpudl *cp)
    +{
    + /*
    + * nothing to do for the moment
    + */
    +}
    diff --git a/kernel/sched/cpudeadline.h b/kernel/sched/cpudeadline.h
    new file mode 100644
    index 0000000..a202789
    --- /dev/null
    +++ b/kernel/sched/cpudeadline.h
    @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
    +#ifndef _LINUX_CPUDL_H
    +#define _LINUX_CPUDL_H
    +
    +#include <linux/sched.h>
    +
    +#define IDX_INVALID -1
    +
    +struct array_item {
    + u64 dl;
    + int cpu;
    +};
    +
    +struct cpudl {
    + raw_spinlock_t lock;
    + int size;
    + int cpu_to_idx[NR_CPUS];
    + struct array_item elements[NR_CPUS];
    + cpumask_var_t free_cpus;
    +};
    +
    +
    +#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
    +int cpudl_find(struct cpudl *cp, struct task_struct *p,
    + struct cpumask *later_mask);
    +void cpudl_set(struct cpudl *cp, int cpu, u64 dl, int is_valid);
    +int cpudl_init(struct cpudl *cp);
    +void cpudl_cleanup(struct cpudl *cp);
    +#else
    +#define cpudl_set(cp, cpu, dl) do { } while (0)
    +#define cpudl_init() do { } while (0)
    +#endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
    +
    +#endif /* _LINUX_CPUDL_H */
    diff --git a/kernel/sched/deadline.c b/kernel/sched/deadline.c
    index be84cb3..9c1fd55 100644
    --- a/kernel/sched/deadline.c
    +++ b/kernel/sched/deadline.c
    @@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
    */
    #include "sched.h"

    +#include <linux/slab.h>
    +
    struct dl_bandwidth def_dl_bandwidth;

    static inline struct task_struct *dl_task_of(struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se)
    @@ -659,6 +661,7 @@ static void inc_dl_deadline(struct dl_rq *dl_rq, u64 deadline)
    */
    dl_rq->earliest_dl.next = dl_rq->earliest_dl.curr;
    dl_rq->earliest_dl.curr = deadline;
    + cpudl_set(&rq->rd->cpudl, rq->cpu, deadline, 1);
    } else if (dl_rq->earliest_dl.next == 0 ||
    dl_time_before(deadline, dl_rq->earliest_dl.next)) {
    /*
    @@ -682,6 +685,7 @@ static void dec_dl_deadline(struct dl_rq *dl_rq, u64 deadline)
    if (!dl_rq->dl_nr_running) {
    dl_rq->earliest_dl.curr = 0;
    dl_rq->earliest_dl.next = 0;
    + cpudl_set(&rq->rd->cpudl, rq->cpu, 0, 0);
    } else {
    struct rb_node *leftmost = dl_rq->rb_leftmost;
    struct sched_dl_entity *entry;
    @@ -689,6 +693,7 @@ static void dec_dl_deadline(struct dl_rq *dl_rq, u64 deadline)
    entry = rb_entry(leftmost, struct sched_dl_entity, rb_node);
    dl_rq->earliest_dl.curr = entry->deadline;
    dl_rq->earliest_dl.next = next_deadline(rq);
    + cpudl_set(&rq->rd->cpudl, rq->cpu, entry->deadline, 1);
    }
    }

    @@ -874,9 +879,6 @@ static void yield_task_dl(struct rq *rq)
    #ifdef CONFIG_SMP

    static int find_later_rq(struct task_struct *task);
    -static int latest_cpu_find(struct cpumask *span,
    - struct task_struct *task,
    - struct cpumask *later_mask);

    static int
    select_task_rq_dl(struct task_struct *p, int sd_flag, int flags)
    @@ -926,7 +928,7 @@ static void check_preempt_equal_dl(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p)
    * let's hope p can move out.
    */
    if (rq->curr->nr_cpus_allowed == 1 ||
    - latest_cpu_find(rq->rd->span, rq->curr, NULL) == -1)
    + cpudl_find(&rq->rd->cpudl, rq->curr, NULL) == -1)
    return;

    /*
    @@ -934,7 +936,7 @@ static void check_preempt_equal_dl(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p)
    * see if it is pushed or pulled somewhere else.
    */
    if (p->nr_cpus_allowed != 1 &&
    - latest_cpu_find(rq->rd->span, p, NULL) != -1)
    + cpudl_find(&rq->rd->cpudl, p, NULL) != -1)
    return;

    resched_task(rq->curr);
    @@ -1119,39 +1121,6 @@ next_node:
    return NULL;
    }

    -static int latest_cpu_find(struct cpumask *span,
    - struct task_struct *task,
    - struct cpumask *later_mask)
    -{
    - const struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se = &task->dl;
    - int cpu, found = -1, best = 0;
    - u64 max_dl = 0;
    -
    - for_each_cpu(cpu, span) {
    - struct rq *rq = cpu_rq(cpu);
    - struct dl_rq *dl_rq = &rq->dl;
    -
    - if (cpumask_test_cpu(cpu, &task->cpus_allowed) &&
    - (!dl_rq->dl_nr_running || dl_time_before(dl_se->deadline,
    - dl_rq->earliest_dl.curr))) {
    - if (later_mask)
    - cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, later_mask);
    - if (!best && !dl_rq->dl_nr_running) {
    - best = 1;
    - found = cpu;
    - } else if (!best &&
    - dl_time_before(max_dl,
    - dl_rq->earliest_dl.curr)) {
    - max_dl = dl_rq->earliest_dl.curr;
    - found = cpu;
    - }
    - } else if (later_mask)
    - cpumask_clear_cpu(cpu, later_mask);
    - }
    -
    - return found;
    -}
    -
    static DEFINE_PER_CPU(cpumask_var_t, local_cpu_mask_dl);

    static int find_later_rq(struct task_struct *task)
    @@ -1168,7 +1137,8 @@ static int find_later_rq(struct task_struct *task)
    if (task->nr_cpus_allowed == 1)
    return -1;

    - best_cpu = latest_cpu_find(task_rq(task)->rd->span, task, later_mask);
    + best_cpu = cpudl_find(&task_rq(task)->rd->cpudl,
    + task, later_mask);
    if (best_cpu == -1)
    return -1;

    @@ -1544,6 +1514,9 @@ static void rq_online_dl(struct rq *rq)
    {
    if (rq->dl.overloaded)
    dl_set_overload(rq);
    +
    + if (rq->dl.dl_nr_running > 0)
    + cpudl_set(&rq->rd->cpudl, rq->cpu, rq->dl.earliest_dl.curr, 1);
    }

    /* Assumes rq->lock is held */
    @@ -1551,6 +1524,8 @@ static void rq_offline_dl(struct rq *rq)
    {
    if (rq->dl.overloaded)
    dl_clear_overload(rq);
    +
    + cpudl_set(&rq->rd->cpudl, rq->cpu, 0, 0);
    }

    void init_sched_dl_class(void)
    diff --git a/kernel/sched/sched.h b/kernel/sched/sched.h
    index bf4acf8..596e290 100644
    --- a/kernel/sched/sched.h
    +++ b/kernel/sched/sched.h
    @@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
    #include <linux/tick.h>

    #include "cpupri.h"
    +#include "cpudeadline.h"
    #include "cpuacct.h"

    struct rq;
    @@ -507,6 +508,7 @@ struct root_domain {
    cpumask_var_t dlo_mask;
    atomic_t dlo_count;
    struct dl_bw dl_bw;
    + struct cpudl cpudl;

    /*
    * The "RT overload" flag: it gets set if a CPU has more than
    --
    1.7.9.5


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