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    SubjectRe: [patch 1/7] Immediate Values - Architecture Independent Code
    * Jason Baron (jbaron@redhat.com) wrote:
    > On Sat, Feb 02, 2008 at 04:08:29PM -0500, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
    > > Changelog:
    > >
    > > - section __imv is already SHF_ALLOC
    > > - Because of the wonders of ELF, section 0 has sh_addr and sh_size 0. So
    > > the if (immediateindex) is unnecessary here.
    > > - Remove module_mutex usage: depend on functions implemented in module.c for
    > > that.
    >
    > hi,
    >
    > In testing this patch, i've run across a deadlock...apply_imv_update() can get
    > called again before, ipi_busy_loop() has had a chance to finsh, and set
    > wait_sync back to its initial value. This causes ipi_busy_loop() to get stuck
    > indefinitely and the subsequent apply_imv_update() hangs. I've shown this
    > deadlock below using nmi_watchdog=1 in item 1).
    >

    Hrm, yes, Jan pointed out the exact same problem in my ltt-test-tsc TSC
    test module in LTTng a few days ago. His fix implied to add another
    barrier upon which the smp_call_function() caller must wait for the ipis
    to finish. Since this immediate value code does the same I did in my
    ltt-test-tsc code, the same fix will likely apply.

    I'll cook something.

    Hrm, does your stop machine implementation disable interrupts while the
    CPUs busy loop ?

    > After hitting this deadlock i modified apply_imv_update() to wait for
    > ipi_busy_loop(), to finish, however this resulted in a 3 way deadlock. Process
    > A held a read lock on tasklist_lock, then process B called apply_imv_update().
    > Process A received the IPI and begins executing ipi_busy_loop(). Then process
    > C takes a write lock irq on the task list lock, before receiving the IPI. Thus,
    > process A holds up process C, and C can't get an IPI b/c interrupts are
    > disabled. i believe this is an inherent problem in using smp_call_function, in
    > that one can't synchronize the processes on each other...you can reproduce
    > these issues using the test module below item 2)
    >
    > In order to address these issues, i've modified stop_machine_run() to take an
    > new third parameter, RUN_ALL, to allow stop_machine_run() to run a function
    > on all cpus, item 3). I then modified kernel/immediate.c to use this new
    > infrastructure item 4). the code in immediate.c simplifies quite a bit. This
    > new code has been robust through all testing thus far.
    >
    > thanks,
    >
    > -Jason
    >
    > 1)
    >
    > NMI Watchdog detected LOCKUP on CPU 3
    > CPU 3
    > Modules linked in: toggle_tester ipt_MASQUERADE iptable_nat nf_nat nf_conntrack_ipv4 xt_state nf]Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.24-git12markers #1
    > RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff8106e7cc>] [<ffffffff8106e7cc>] ipi_busy_loop+0x19/0x41
    > RSP: 0018:ffff81007fbdff70 EFLAGS: 00000002
    > RAX: 0000000000000006 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffff81007fbd2930
    > RDX: ffffffff81491b80 RSI: 0000000000000046 RDI: 0000000000000000
    > RBP: ffff81007fbdff78 R08: ffff81007fbdff78 R09: ffff81007dd91e80
    > R10: ffff810001030b80 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: ffffffff8106e7b3
    > R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffffffff81491a80 R15: ffff810001030a80
    > FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff81007f801c80(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
    > CS: 0010 DS: 0018 ES: 0018 CR0: 000000008005003b
    > CR2: 00000000025e8d68 CR3: 000000007549c000 CR4: 00000000000026e0
    > DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
    > DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
    > Process swapper (pid: 0, threadinfo ffff81007fbd6000, task ffff81007fbd2930)
    > Stack: 0000000000000000 ffff81007fbdffa8 ffffffff8101ca4e ffff81007fbdffa8
    > ffffffff8100b0e2 0000000000000003 0000000000000040 ffff81007fbd7e60
    > ffffffff8100cac6 ffff81007fbd7e60 <EOI> ffff81007fbd7ee8 0000000000000246
    > Call Trace:
    > <IRQ> [<ffffffff8101ca4e>] smp_call_function_interrupt+0x48/0x71
    > [<ffffffff8100b0e2>] ? mwait_idle+0x0/0x4a
    > [<ffffffff8100cac6>] call_function_interrupt+0x66/0x70
    > <EOI> [<ffffffff8100b127>] ? mwait_idle+0x45/0x4a
    > [<ffffffff8100a723>] ? enter_idle+0x22/0x24
    > [<ffffffff8100b06f>] ? cpu_idle+0x97/0xc1
    > [<ffffffff81270a35>] ? start_secondary+0x3ba/0x3c6
    >
    >
    > ---[ end trace 738433437d960ebc ]---
    > NMI Watchdog detected LOCKUP on CPU 2
    > CPU 2
    > Modules linked in: toggle_tester ipt_MASQUERADE iptable_nat nf_nat nf_conntrack_ipv4 xt_state nf]Pid: 9704, comm: toggle-writer Not tainted 2.6.24-git12markers #1
    > RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff8101c717>] [<ffffffff8101c717>] __smp_call_function_mask+0x9f/0xc1
    > RSP: 0018:ffff81003ac35da8 EFLAGS: 00000297
    > RAX: 00000000000008fc RBX: 000000000000000b RCX: 00000000000008fc
    > RDX: 00000000000008fc RSI: 00000000000000fc RDI: 000000000000000b
    > RBP: ffff81003ac35e08 R08: ffffffff8840504f R09: 00007f01f07696f0
    > R10: 0000000000000022 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000003
    > R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: ffffffff8106e7b3
    > FS: 00007f01f07696f0(0000) GS:ffff81007f801980(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
    > CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b
    > CR2: 00007f01f0796000 CR3: 000000006bcdf000 CR4: 00000000000026e0
    > DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
    > DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
    > Process toggle-writer (pid: 9704, threadinfo ffff81003ac34000, task ffff81003ad14930)
    > Stack: ffffffff8106e7b3 0000000000000000 0000000000000002 00003fff00000000
    > 000000000000000b ffffffff81075c03 00000010001280d2 0000000000000000
    > 0000000000000000 ffffffff8106e7b3 000000000000000f 0000000000000005
    > Call Trace:
    > [<ffffffff8106e7b3>] ? ipi_busy_loop+0x0/0x41
    > [<ffffffff81075c03>] ? __alloc_pages+0x8e/0x337
    > [<ffffffff8106e7b3>] ? ipi_busy_loop+0x0/0x41
    > [<ffffffff8101c783>] smp_call_function_mask+0x4a/0x59
    > [<ffffffff8101c7ab>] smp_call_function+0x19/0x1b
    > [<ffffffff8106e703>] imv_update_range+0xd7/0x16e
    > [<ffffffff8105494e>] _module_imv_update+0x35/0x54
    > [<ffffffff81054982>] module_imv_update+0x15/0x23
    > [<ffffffff884050c4>] :toggle_tester:proc_toggle_write+0x4c/0x64
    > [<ffffffff810d64a4>] proc_reg_write+0x7b/0x96
    > [<ffffffff81099f72>] vfs_write+0xae/0x157
    > [<ffffffff8109a53f>] sys_write+0x47/0x70
    > [<ffffffff8100c0e9>] tracesys+0xdc/0xe1
    >
    > Code: f8 48 3b 5d c0 48 8b 05 28 1a 41 00 75 0a bf fc 00 00 00 ff 50 38 eb 0f be fc 00 00 00 48
    > ---[ end trace 738433437d960ebc ]---
    > NMI Watchdog detected LOCKUP on CPU 1
    > CPU 1
    > Modules linked in: toggle_tester ipt_MASQUERADE iptable_nat nf_nat nf_conntrack_ipv4 xt_state nf]Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.24-git12markers #1
    > RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff8106e7cc>] [<ffffffff8106e7cc>] ipi_busy_loop+0x19/0x41
    > RSP: 0018:ffff81007fb6ff70 EFLAGS: 00000002
    > RAX: 0000000000000006 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffff81007fb5f260
    > RDX: ffffffff81491b80 RSI: 0000000000000046 RDI: 0000000000000000
    > RBP: ffff81007fb6ff78 R08: ffff81007fb6ff78 R09: ffff810001016700
    > R10: ffff810001018b80 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffffffff8106e7b3
    > R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffffffff81491a80 R15: ffff810001018a80
    > FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff81007f801680(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
    > CS: 0010 DS: 0018 ES: 0018 CR0: 000000008005003b
    > CR2: 00000031fac9ac20 CR3: 00000000778e6000 CR4: 00000000000026e0
    > DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
    > DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
    > Process swapper (pid: 0, threadinfo ffff81007fb6a000, task ffff81007fb5f260)
    > Stack: 0000000000000000 ffff81007fb6ffa8 ffffffff8101ca4e ffff81007fb6ffa8
    > ffffffff8100b0e2 0000000000000001 0000000000000040 ffff81007fb6be60
    > ffffffff8100cac6 ffff81007fb6be60 <EOI> ffff81007fb6bee8 0000000000000001
    > Call Trace:
    > <IRQ> [<ffffffff8101ca4e>] smp_call_function_interrupt+0x48/0x71
    > [<ffffffff8100b0e2>] ? mwait_idle+0x0/0x4a
    > [<ffffffff8100cac6>] call_function_interrupt+0x66/0x70
    > <EOI> [<ffffffff8100b127>] ? mwait_idle+0x45/0x4a
    > [<ffffffff8100a723>] ? enter_idle+0x22/0x24
    > [<ffffffff8100b06f>] ? cpu_idle+0x97/0xc1
    > [<ffffffff81270a35>] ? start_secondary+0x3ba/0x3c6
    >
    > Code: 81 48 c7 c7 02 fd 36 81 48 89 e5 e8 7b fe ff ff c9 c3 55 48 89 e5 53 9c 5e fa f0 ff 0d 82
    > ---[ end trace 738433437d960ebc ]---
    > NMI Watchdog detected LOCKUP on CPU 0
    > Kernel panic - not syncing: Aiee, killing interrupt handler!
    > CPU 0
    > Modules linked in: toggle_tester ipt_MASQUERADE iptable_nat nf_nat nf_conntrack_ipv4 xt_state nf]Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.24-git12markers #1
    > RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff8106e7e6>] [<ffffffff8106e7e6>] ipi_busy_loop+0x33/0x41
    > RSP: 0018:ffffffff81498f70 EFLAGS: 00000006
    > RAX: 0000000000000004 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffffffff81394620
    > RDX: ffffffff81491b80 RSI: 0000000000000046 RDI: 0000000000000000
    > RBP: ffffffff81498f78 R08: ffffffff81498f78 R09: ffff810062cc1e98
    > R10: ffff81000100cb80 R11: ffff810062cc1d58 R12: ffffffff8106e7b3
    > R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffffffff81466640 R15: 0000000000000000
    > FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffffffff813d2000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
    > CS: 0010 DS: 0018 ES: 0018 CR0: 000000008005003b
    > CR2: 00000031fac6f060 CR3: 0000000000201000 CR4: 00000000000026e0
    > DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
    > DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
    > Process swapper (pid: 0, threadinfo ffffffff81434000, task ffffffff81394620)
    > Stack: 0000000000000000 ffffffff81498fa8 ffffffff8101ca4e ffffffff8100b0e2
    > ffffffff8100b0e2 0000000000000000 ffffffffffffffff ffffffff81435ec0
    > ffffffff8100cac6 ffffffff81435ec0 <EOI> ffffffff81435f48 ffff810062cc1d58
    > Call Trace:
    > <IRQ> [<ffffffff8101ca4e>] smp_call_function_interrupt+0x48/0x71
    > [<ffffffff8100b0e2>] ? mwait_idle+0x0/0x4a
    > [<ffffffff8100b0e2>] ? mwait_idle+0x0/0x4a
    > [<ffffffff8100cac6>] call_function_interrupt+0x66/0x70
    > <EOI> [<ffffffff8100b127>] ? mwait_idle+0x45/0x4a
    > [<ffffffff8100a723>] ? enter_idle+0x22/0x24
    > [<ffffffff8100b06f>] ? cpu_idle+0x97/0xc1
    > [<ffffffff81266ee6>] ? rest_init+0x5a/0x5c
    >
    > Code: f0 ff 0d 82 6b 49 00 0f ae f0 48 63 05 78 6b 49 00 48 3b 05 5d 6b 49 00 7f ed f0 ff 0d 68
    > ---[ end trace 738433437d960ebc ]---
    >
    >
    > 2)
    >
    >
    > --- /dev/null
    > +++ b/samples/markers/toggle-tester.c
    > @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
    > +/* probe-example.c
    > + *
    > + * toggle module to test immedidate infrastructure.
    > + *
    > + * (C) Copyright 2007 Jason Baron <jbaron@redhat.com>
    > + *
    > + * This file is released under the GPLv2.
    > + * See the file COPYING for more details.
    > + */
    > +
    > +#include <linux/sched.h>
    > +#include <linux/kernel.h>
    > +#include <linux/module.h>
    > +#include <linux/marker.h>
    > +#include <asm/atomic.h>
    > +#include <linux/seq_file.h>
    > +#include <linux/fs.h>
    > +#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
    > +
    > +static DECLARE_MUTEX(toggle_mutex);
    > +DEFINE_IMV(char, toggle_value) = 0;
    > +
    > +static ssize_t proc_toggle_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf,
    > + size_t length, loff_t *ppos)
    > +{
    > + int i;
    > +
    > + down(&toggle_mutex);
    > + i = imv_read(toggle_value);
    > + imv_set(toggle_value, !i);
    > + up(&toggle_mutex);
    > +
    > + return 0;
    > +}
    > +
    > +static int proc_toggle_show(struct seq_file *s, void *p)
    > +{
    > + int i;
    > +
    > + down(&toggle_mutex);
    > + i = imv_read(toggle_value);
    > + up(&toggle_mutex);
    > +
    > + seq_printf(s, "%u\n", i);
    > +
    > + return 0;
    > +}
    > +
    > +
    > +static int proc_toggle_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
    > +{
    > + return single_open(file, proc_toggle_show, NULL);
    > +}
    > +
    > +
    > +static const struct file_operations toggle_operations = {
    > + .open = proc_toggle_open,
    > + .read = seq_read,
    > + .write = proc_toggle_write,
    > + .llseek = seq_lseek,
    > + .release = single_release,
    > +};
    > +
    > +
    > +struct proc_dir_entry *pde;
    > +
    > +static int __init toggle_init(void)
    > +{
    > +
    > + pde = create_proc_entry("toggle", 0, NULL);
    > + if (!pde)
    > + return -ENOMEM;
    > + pde->proc_fops = &toggle_operations;
    > +
    > +
    > + return 0;
    > +}
    > +
    > +static void __exit toggle_fini(void)
    > +{
    > + remove_proc_entry("toggle", &proc_root);
    > +
    > +}
    > +
    > +module_init(toggle_init);
    > +module_exit(toggle_fini);
    > +
    > +MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
    > +MODULE_AUTHOR("Jason Baron");
    > +MODULE_DESCRIPTION("testing immediate implementation");
    >
    >
    > 3)
    >
    >
    > diff --git a/include/linux/stop_machine.h b/include/linux/stop_machine.h
    > index 5bfc553..1ab1c5b 100644
    > --- a/include/linux/stop_machine.h
    > +++ b/include/linux/stop_machine.h
    > @@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
    > #include <asm/system.h>
    >
    > #if defined(CONFIG_STOP_MACHINE) && defined(CONFIG_SMP)
    > +
    > +#define RUN_ALL ~0U
    > +
    > /**
    > * stop_machine_run: freeze the machine on all CPUs and run this function
    > * @fn: the function to run
    > diff --git a/kernel/stop_machine.c b/kernel/stop_machine.c
    > index 51b5ee5..e6ee46f 100644
    > --- a/kernel/stop_machine.c
    > +++ b/kernel/stop_machine.c
    > @@ -23,9 +23,17 @@ enum stopmachine_state {
    > STOPMACHINE_WAIT,
    > STOPMACHINE_PREPARE,
    > STOPMACHINE_DISABLE_IRQ,
    > + STOPMACHINE_RUN,
    > STOPMACHINE_EXIT,
    > };
    >
    > +struct stop_machine_data {
    > + int (*fn)(void *);
    > + void *data;
    > + struct completion done;
    > + int run_all;
    > +} smdata;
    > +
    > static enum stopmachine_state stopmachine_state;
    > static unsigned int stopmachine_num_threads;
    > static atomic_t stopmachine_thread_ack;
    > @@ -35,6 +43,7 @@ static int stopmachine(void *cpu)
    > {
    > int irqs_disabled = 0;
    > int prepared = 0;
    > + int ran = 0;
    >
    > set_cpus_allowed(current, cpumask_of_cpu((int)(long)cpu));
    >
    > @@ -59,6 +68,11 @@ static int stopmachine(void *cpu)
    > prepared = 1;
    > smp_mb(); /* Must read state first. */
    > atomic_inc(&stopmachine_thread_ack);
    > + } else if (stopmachine_state == STOPMACHINE_RUN && !ran) {
    > + smdata.fn(smdata.data);
    > + ran = 1;
    > + smp_mb(); /* Must read state first. */
    > + atomic_inc(&stopmachine_thread_ack);
    > }
    > /* Yield in first stage: migration threads need to
    > * help our sisters onto their CPUs. */
    > @@ -136,12 +150,10 @@ static void restart_machine(void)
    > preempt_enable_no_resched();
    > }
    >
    > -struct stop_machine_data
    > +static void run_other_cpus(void)
    > {
    > - int (*fn)(void *);
    > - void *data;
    > - struct completion done;
    > -};
    > + stopmachine_set_state(STOPMACHINE_RUN);
    > +}
    >
    > static int do_stop(void *_smdata)
    > {
    > @@ -151,6 +163,8 @@ static int do_stop(void *_smdata)
    > ret = stop_machine();
    > if (ret == 0) {
    > ret = smdata->fn(smdata->data);
    > + if (smdata->run_all)
    > + run_other_cpus();
    > restart_machine();
    > }
    >
    > @@ -170,17 +184,16 @@ static int do_stop(void *_smdata)
    > struct task_struct *__stop_machine_run(int (*fn)(void *), void *data,
    > unsigned int cpu)
    > {
    > - struct stop_machine_data smdata;
    > struct task_struct *p;
    >
    > + down(&stopmachine_mutex);
    > smdata.fn = fn;
    > smdata.data = data;
    > + smdata.run_all = (cpu == RUN_ALL) ? 1 : 0;
    > init_completion(&smdata.done);
    > -
    > - down(&stopmachine_mutex);
    > -
    > + smp_wmb();
    > /* If they don't care which CPU fn runs on, bind to any online one. */
    > - if (cpu == NR_CPUS)
    > + if (cpu == NR_CPUS || cpu == RUN_ALL)
    > cpu = raw_smp_processor_id();
    >
    > p = kthread_create(do_stop, &smdata, "kstopmachine");
    >
    >
    > 4)
    >
    >
    > diff --git a/kernel/immediate.c b/kernel/immediate.c
    > index 4c36a89..39ec13e 100644
    > --- a/kernel/immediate.c
    > +++ b/kernel/immediate.c
    > @@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
    > #include <linux/immediate.h>
    > #include <linux/memory.h>
    > #include <linux/cpu.h>
    > +#include <linux/stop_machine.h>
    >
    > #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
    >
    > @@ -30,6 +31,23 @@ static int imv_early_boot_complete;
    >
    > extern const struct __imv __start___imv[];
    > extern const struct __imv __stop___imv[];
    > +int started;
    > +
    > +int stop_machine_imv_update(void *imv_ptr)
    > +{
    > + struct __imv *imv = imv_ptr;
    > +
    > + if (!started) {
    > + text_poke((void *)imv->imv, (void *)imv->var, imv->size);
    > + started = 1;
    > + smp_wmb();
    > + } else
    > + sync_core();
    > +
    > + flush_icache_range(imv->imv, imv->imv + imv->size);
    > +
    > + return 0;
    > +}
    >
    > /*
    > * imv_mutex nests inside module_mutex. imv_mutex protects builtin
    > @@ -37,38 +55,6 @@ extern const struct __imv __stop___imv[];
    > */
    > static DEFINE_MUTEX(imv_mutex);
    >
    > -static atomic_t wait_sync;
    > -
    > -struct ipi_loop_data {
    > - long value;
    > - const struct __imv *imv;
    > -} loop_data;
    > -
    > -static void ipi_busy_loop(void *arg)
    > -{
    > - unsigned long flags;
    > -
    > - local_irq_save(flags);
    > - atomic_dec(&wait_sync);
    > - do {
    > - /* Make sure the wait_sync gets re-read */
    > - smp_mb();
    > - } while (atomic_read(&wait_sync) > loop_data.value);
    > - atomic_dec(&wait_sync);
    > - do {
    > - /* Make sure the wait_sync gets re-read */
    > - smp_mb();
    > - } while (atomic_read(&wait_sync) > 0);
    > - /*
    > - * Issuing a synchronizing instruction must be done on each CPU before
    > - * reenabling interrupts after modifying an instruction. Required by
    > - * Intel's errata.
    > - */
    > - sync_core();
    > - flush_icache_range(loop_data.imv->imv,
    > - loop_data.imv->imv + loop_data.imv->size);
    > - local_irq_restore(flags);
    > -}
    >
    > /**
    > * apply_imv_update - update one immediate value
    > @@ -82,9 +68,6 @@ static void ipi_busy_loop(void *arg)
    > */
    > static int apply_imv_update(const struct __imv *imv)
    > {
    > - unsigned long flags;
    > - long online_cpus;
    > -
    > /*
    > * If the variable and the instruction have the same value, there is
    > * nothing to do.
    > @@ -111,30 +94,8 @@ static int apply_imv_update(const struct __imv *imv)
    >
    > if (imv_early_boot_complete) {
    > kernel_text_lock();
    > - get_online_cpus();
    > - online_cpus = num_online_cpus();
    > - atomic_set(&wait_sync, 2 * online_cpus);
    > - loop_data.value = online_cpus;
    > - loop_data.imv = imv;
    > - smp_call_function(ipi_busy_loop, NULL, 1, 0);
    > - local_irq_save(flags);
    > - atomic_dec(&wait_sync);
    > - do {
    > - /* Make sure the wait_sync gets re-read */
    > - smp_mb();
    > - } while (atomic_read(&wait_sync) > online_cpus);
    > - text_poke((void *)imv->imv, (void *)imv->var,
    > - imv->size);
    > - /*
    > - * Make sure the modified instruction is seen by all CPUs before
    > - * we continue (visible to other CPUs and local interrupts).
    > - */
    > - wmb();
    > - atomic_dec(&wait_sync);
    > - flush_icache_range(imv->imv,
    > - imv->imv + imv->size);
    > - local_irq_restore(flags);
    > - put_online_cpus();
    > + started = 0;
    > + stop_machine_run(stop_machine_imv_update, (void *)imv, RUN_ALL);
    > kernel_text_unlock();
    > } else
    > text_poke_early((void *)imv->imv, (void *)imv->var,

    --
    Mathieu Desnoyers
    Computer Engineering Ph.D. Student, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal
    OpenPGP key fingerprint: 8CD5 52C3 8E3C 4140 715F BA06 3F25 A8FE 3BAE 9A68


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